Translation is the process by which the meaning of a text in one language, or “source text”, is understood and converted to a new text, in another language, called “translated text”, “target text” or “ target text”. When this process is done orally we call it interpretation.

Interpretation is older than writing. The translation had to wait for the appearance of written literature. It is known that there are partial translations of the  Epic of Gilgamesh  (2000 BC) into Near Eastern languages ​​of the time. As is often the case with ancient history, it is difficult to determine when exactly the translation began.

It is commonly accepted that the origin of the translation dates back to the time of the  Rosetta Stone . Its discovery, in 1799, determined that translation was already in use at the time of Ptolemy V (196 BC). The Rosetta stone, weighing more than 800 kilos and measuring one meter high, collected information about a decree that exalted the figure of the pharaoh and which was transcribed in three languages ​​of the time: Egyptian hieroglyphs, demotic writing and Greek.

However, there is previous information about the commission that Ptolemy Philadelphus, predecessor of Ptolemy V, gave to 72 scribes knowledgeable in Hebrew and Greek to translate the five books of Moses, already in the 3rd century.
Precisely the religious work was an important impetus for translation activity. And shortly after the Rosetta Stone, texts from the Old Testament were translated into what was called the Septuagint.

The disappearance of Hebrew as the main religious language, and the power of the Greek and Roman cultures, led to the push for translation to maintain religious texts. It would be like this, with the first Greek translations of Old Testament books, and the later translations into Latin by the Romans to the Vetus Latina version.

But surely, The Bible has been the text that has most influenced the growth of translation. Already in the 4th century, the most widespread version was made, which was called  the Vulgate . Made by Saint Jerome, patron saint of translators, and used for centuries in the Christian religion.

Also the expansion of the Arab empire, during the Middle Ages and until the 15th century, promoted translation into different areas of knowledge such as science or philosophy, typical of Greek texts. It was precisely during the Arab reign in the Iberian Peninsula when the mix of cultures and the situation of Spain as an entrance to Europe promoted a golden period for translation.

In the 12th century, still under Arab rule, the Archbishop of Toledo, Raimundo de Sauvetat, founded the  Toledo School of Translators . The institution began working mostly theological texts. But it was with the arrival of Alfonso

Translation in the Modern and Contemporary Age

In the 15th century, with the arrival of the printing press and the appearance of vernacular languages, translation experienced the development that takes us to the present day. Now, globalization and the Internet have brought translation and research into tools to streamline it into a complex era in which professionalization is more important than ever.

At Nuadda we are aware that the current pace and the need to act quickly are a priority for our clients. It is up to us to write the next page of translation history thanks to our work.

History of English language

English is a Germanic language originating from the  Anglo-Frisian languages  ​​brought to  Britain  by the Roman invaders.

Initially, Old English was a group of several dialects, reflecting the varied origin of the  Anglo-Saxon kingdoms  of  England . One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, at one point came to dominate.

The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was from speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic languages, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain, the second was from the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and developed a variety of English called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become mixed to some extent.

Cohabitation with the  Scandinavians , who would have spoken dialects of  Old Norse , led to a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; The subsequent  Norman occupation  led to the grafting of a layer of more elaborate words from the  Romance languages  ​​(derived from  Latin ). This Norman influence on English penetrated through the courts and the government. With the arrival of the Renaissance, Latin and classical Greek supplanted Norman French as the main source of new words.

Gujarati language

Gujarati ( autoglotny : Gujarātī, English: Gujarati) is a language that comes from the state of  Gujarat , in western  India . It is an  Indo-European language , from the  Indo-Aryan family , spoken by about 46 million people around the world, making it the  23rd  most spoken language in the world. Of all of them, approximately 45.5 million reside in India, 250,000 in  Tanzania , 150,000 in  Uganda , 100,000 in  Pakistan  and 50,000 in  Kenya .

Gujarati is the main language of the  state of Gujarat , as well as the adjacent territories of  Daman and Diu  and  Dadra and Nagar Haveli . There are also sizable communities of speakers in the  United States  and the  United Kingdom . In England, two popular areas with Gujarati populations are  Leicester  (Midlands) and  Wembley  (north London). And in the United States, they are especially found in states such as  New Jersey ,  New York ,  California  , and  Texas .

Due to the size of the Gujarati population spread across the world, from Africa, the  Middle East  to  the United Kingdom  and the  United States , some jokingly call them non-resident Gujaratis instead of the official term non-resident Indians. It is one of the 14 official regional languages ​​of India. It was the mother tongue of  Mohandas K. Gandhi , the “father of India”, and  Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the “father of Pakistan”.

Alphabet

The Gujarati alphabet, apart from being an  alphabet  itself, is also an  alphas labara , since sometimes its signs represent  syllables .

Consonants

Vowels